Gout


Year in Review: 

# Pegloticase (MIRROR trial, A and R, 2022) + MTX 
-will this decrease antibody 
-MTX used for 4 weeks before Pegloticase was added 

71 vs 39 % Treatment vs Placebo
-benefit: 

FDA: expanded the label to include co-administration with MTX 



Gout:

UA Pathogenesis:

  • AIXG 
  • As the name suggest, HGPRT acts on Hypoxanthine and Guanine and not on Xanthine . Analogous is case of Adenosine, with APRT. Note: there is no Xanthien PRT. 
  • Enzyme : PRPP acts on both HGPRT and AGPRT 
  • Enzymes; 5 nucleotides, PNP, XO, GDA 

Most people maintain a relatively stable uric acid level between 4 and 6.8 mg/dL and a total body uric acid pool of approximately 1000 mg. Persons with serum uric acid levels greater than 6.8 mg/dL, even without clinical gout, may deposit uric acid crystals either occultly or in the form of appreciable masses (tophi), with the consequence that the total body urate pool may be significantly higher than in persons who are not hyperuricemic. Ref: KF Pg. 1599

Name 2 inborn errors of metabolism leading to increased Urate production. 
  1. PRPP increased activity. Usually, this level is limited. Increased activity means more Purine synthesis (AMP, IMP, GMP), leads to subsequent increased metabolism of Purine and increased UA formation. 
  2. HGPRT deficiency leads to inability to salvage purine from Hypoxanthine or Guainine and hence, there is more UA production. 
    1. Complete HGRPT deficiency : Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by extremely high levels of serum urate, gout flares, nephrolithiasis, mental retardation, movement disorders, and behavioral disorders, including self-mutilation.The disorder can occasionally arise by de novo mutation; female carriers are generally asymptomatic but may have elevated serum urate levels. In contrast to the gout flares and nephrolithiasis, the neurologic findings in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are independent of hyperuricemia and unresponsive to urate-lowering drugs.
    2. Partial deficiency of HGPRT1. Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome have a partial deficiency of HGPRT1
  3. Increased ATP consumption leading to increased AMP formation. 
    1. Persons with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (type I glycogen storage, or von Gierke’s disease) demonstrate a high rate of both purine and ATP turnover. The lactic acidemia that secondarily occurs in patients with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency may also contribute to hyperuricemia by promoting decreased renal urate excretion (discussed in a subsequent section).
    2. Persons with fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency lack the capacity to metabolize fructose-1-phosphate. Fructose-1-phosphate accumulation causes feedback inhibition of fructokinase and fructose accumulation in the blood. As an apparent consequence of these changes, AMP accumulates and promotes hyperuricemia. Need to understand this both. 



AAA
IIHX
XXX
GGG


Mechanism of Inflammation in Gout
 
  • Types of Gout
    • Acute Gouty Arthritis 
    • Intercritical or IntervalGout  
    • Recurrent Gouty Arthritis or Chronic Tophaceous gout 

Acute Gout Attack
2012 ACR Guidelines for Management of Gout. Part 2: Therapy and Antiinflammatory Prophylaxis of Acute Gouty Arthritis

  • Diagnosis: 
    • YeLLow light - ParaLLeLL when light passes through the crystal
    • If acute, unless able to rule out Septic arthritis with reasonable certainty, will need Arthrocentesis
    • If Interval or Recurrent - Confirm the diagnosis of Gout - know the DDx - Classify patient on etiology of hyperuricemia (Primary vs. Secondary - overproduction / under excretor) 
Gout BMJ 2013





 
https://www.acponline.org/system/files/documents/about_acp/chapters/.../siaton.ppt

https://www.acponline.org/system/files/documents/about_acp/chapters/.../siaton.ppt


  • Interval gout and Tophaceous gout
    • urate lowering drug plus colchicine or prednisone
Figure 2. Management Strategies in Patients with Hyperuricemia. NEJM 2011


Management Principle



 
https://www.acponline.org/system/files/documents/about_acp/chapters/.../siaton.ppt

  
https://www.acponline.org/system/files/documents/about_acp/chapters/.../siaton.ppt

https://www.acponline.org/system/files/documents/about_acp/chapters/.../siaton.ppt


9 possible Case Scenarios

Pharmacological ULT escalation in 9 such clinical scenarios



URICOSURIC AGENTS








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