Airway Disease














Cellular types in Asthma 
  • Eosinophlic (response to steroids as IgE and Type 2 inflammation is involved)
  • Non-Eosinophilic (typically steroid resistant) 
    • Neutrophilic
    • Paucicellular
    • Mixed Granulocytic 
Those who had no eiosinophils did not respond to steroids (ICS) but did respond to bronchodilators. So, presence of bronchodilator is not the marker of response to steroids. 
5 clusters of Asthma. 






Why do we need LAMA (long acting anti-muscarinic)
Asthma patient who had bronchoconstriction, JACI 2013 paper, showed that half responded to LABA, while other half responded to LAMA. Hence, both the treatment options should be there. 

Step 3 or more: Consider looking for Endotype (TH 2 vs Non-TH2 inflammation). 
Step 4 or more: Consider adding LAMA . 
Guideline directed therapy is not successful in about 50 % of the cases. 

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